Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 2026/05, 126(5):207–212. doi: 10.1515/jom-2025-0099, type of study: retrospective study

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Keywords:

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [31]
COPD [40]
covid-19 [140]
long covid [26]
obstructive sleep apnea [5]
OSA [68]
retrospective study [339]
risk factors [48]

Abstract:

Context Long COVID, a debilitating condition characterized by persistent symptoms following acute Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, continues to pose a significant public health burden. Currently, research is ongoing regarding risk factors for developing Long COVID. Identifying patients susceptible to symptoms of Long COVID can assist with identifying those at risk, and developing preventative strategies for these individuals. Objectives The objectives of this study are to evaluate a cohort of patients who followed up in the Long COVID clinic who were experiencing cardiopulmonary symptoms 8–12 weeks from initial inoculation, and to retrospectively identify any statistically significant risk factors or clinical features present. Methods This retrospective cohort study examined patients identified between April 2021 and September 2022. Patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and developed persistent symptoms were subsequently referred to the post–COVID-19 pulmonary clinic. For the cohort of patients seen in post COVID-19 pulmonary clinic, pre-existing pulmonary and systemic disease, severity of COVID-19 illness, and treatments received were examined. Analysis was performed on these data utilizing Cox regression analysis. Results Two hundred forty-six (246) adult patients who had Long COVID symptoms 8–12 weeks post–COVID-19 infection were identified and included in this analysis. Cox regression analysis indicated that in this population, patients who had required oxygen support (supplemental oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, or intubation) during their initial COVID-19 hospitalization and who also had prior history of either obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and were more likely to develop Long COVID symptoms. Patients with pre-existing OSA had an odds ratio (OR) of 3.6 and a 95 % confidence interval (CI) of 1.70–7.65 (p=0.0012). Patients with pre-existing COPD had an OR of 12.19 and a 95 % CI of 2.38–62.33 (p=0.0015). Conclusions Patients who required oxygen support during their initial COVID-19 hospitalization who also had previous history of either OSA or COPD were more likely to develop cardiopulmonary Long COVID symptoms. This suggests that pre-existing respiratory conditions and the severity of the initial COVID-19 illness may influence the development of these symptoms of Long COVID.