BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2017/05, 18(1):188. doi: 10.1186/s12891-017-1549-6, type of study: ,sr,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Free full text   (https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1549-6)

Keywords:

evidence-based medicine [150]
intervertebral disc degeneration [1]
intervertebral disc displacement [8]
classification [11]
low back pain [524]
spinal stenosis [8]
spondylolisthesis [6]
clinical decision making [19]
clinical examination [3]
diagnostic accuracy [1]
systematic review [445]

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Clinical examination findings are used in primary care to give an initial diagnosis to patients with low back pain and related leg symptoms. The purpose of this study was to develop best evidence Clinical Diagnostic Rules (CDR] for the identification of the most common patho-anatomical disorders in the lumbar spine; i.e. intervertebral discs, sacroiliac joints, facet joints, bone, muscles, nerve roots, muscles, peripheral nerve tissue, and central nervous system sensitization. METHODS: A sensitive electronic search strategy using MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases was combined with hand searching and citation tracking to identify eligible studies. Criteria for inclusion were: persons with low back pain with or without related leg symptoms, history or physical examination findings suitable for use in primary care, comparison with acceptable reference standards, and statistical reporting permitting calculation of diagnostic value. Quality assessments were made independently by two reviewers using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Clinical examination findings that were investigated by at least two studies were included and results that met our predefined threshold of positive likelihood ratio >/= 2 or negative likelihood ratio