Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 2025/12, 125(12):601–609. doi: 10.1515/jom-2024-0060, type of study: ,css,

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Keywords:

birth defects [1]
birth weight [4]
caesarean section [17]
childbirth [59]
comorbidities [8]
cross sectional study [894]
female [655]
infant mortality [1]
pediatrics [573]
risk assessment [16]
USA [1751]
women [608]

Abstract:

Context Cesarean sections (CSs) can reduce maternal and fetal risk in medically necessary cases. However, studies show that CSs are associated with negative fetal outcomes, including birth defects, low birth weight, delayed fetal resuscitation, neonatal acidosis, and even infant mortality. Maternal comorbidities play a role in determining if a CS is necessary and may contribute to negative fetal outcomes following a CS. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of negative fetal outcomes such as low birth weight, birth defects, prolonged hospital stay, and infant mortality in CS deliveries and their increased risk of occurrence among mothers with comorbidities. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of the Phase 8 (2016–2019) Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) to assess the associations of the aforementioned birth outcomes with pre-existing conditions such as high blood pressure (HBP), depression, and type II diabetes mellitus, as well as demographic factors in the United States (US). Results Our findings showed that mothers who delivered via CS with pre-existing or gestational HBP, or gestational diabetes, were less likely to experience infant mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.4; confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–0.92, AOR: 0.2; CI: 0.09–0.44, and AOR: 0.09; CI: 0.03–0.33, respectively). However, mothers who delivered via CS with pre-existing or gestational diabetes, pre-existing or gestational HBP, or pre-existing or gestational depression had higher rates of prolonged infant hospital stay (AOR: 1.73; CI: 1.41–2.11, AOR: 1.21; CI: 1.05–1.39, AOR: 1.77; CI: 1.5–2.09, AOR: 2.58; CI: 2.31–2.88, AOR: 1.25; CI: 1.09–1.43 and AOR: 1.33; CI: 1.16–1.52, respectively). Likewise, mothers who delivered via CS with pre-existing or gestational HBP, or pre-existing or gestational depression, were more likely to deliver an infant with low birth weight (AOR: 1.88; CI: 1.62–2.19, AOR: 2.7; CI: 2.45–2.98, AOR: 1.24; CI: 1.09–1.41, and OR: 1.28; CI: 1.14–1.42, respectively). Conclusions Our study revealed a lower incidence of infant mortality following CS deliveries among mothers with pre-existing or gestational HBP, or gestational diabetes. This suggests a potential benefit in antenatal testing in mothers experiencing depression or those with no comorbidities. Additionally, infants born to mothers with these comorbidities experienced longer hospital stays, and infants of mothers with pre-existing or gestational HBP and depression had a higher incidence of low birth weight. Given the increasing rates of diabetes, HBP, and depression in the US, it is crucial to provide healthcare professionals with the necessary guidance to prevent and manage these comorbidities and improve fetal outcomes following CS deliveries.